tion greenery area in the port should serve as a temporary heliport.
?Examination of emergency transportation network during earthquakes
Roads on Okushiri Island are aligned such that the basic roads, the prefectural roads, run along the shore and along steep mountains and cliffs close to the shoreline. When the Hokkaido Nansei- Oki Earthquake struck, roads were blocked by landslides and each community became isolated.
Since Okushiri depends on maritime transportation for most of its daily supplies, the following should be achieved:
・Because a multiple maritime transportation system should be secured during disasters, Aonae Fishing Port, a third- class fishing port, should be regarded as a supplementary port.
・In order to bring emergency goods from the ports which have been comparatively less damaged, the establishment of an emergency transportation network linked with othermunicipalities on the other side of the island is necessary.
5. Suggestions for the Okushiri regional disaster-prevention plan
Based on the above examinations and suggestions and to improve the port so that it is more resistant to earthquakes and tsunamis, we would like to suggest a few points on the improvement of ports that are not described in the "lmprovement Plan for Facilities Which Should be Restored Immediately as Measures Against Earthquake Disasters" in the Disaster- prevention Plan.
?Preface
To reduce the extent of damage at the time of large- scale earthquakes and tsunamis, the town and related bodies are to discuss and coordinate with related projects within a fixed time for speedy improvement in order to improve refuge areas, escape and evacuation routes, and disaster- prevention facilities, including disaster- prevention port and harbor facilities, school facilities, hospitals and social welfare facilities, prior to the occurrence of such disasters.
?Additional item
"Improvement and reinforcement of emergency transportation routes"
For Okushiri Island, which is a remote island, Okushiri Port plays an important role as the key port lifeline of the island, because maritime transportation would become vital for obtaining emergency goods and for evacuation. Because of this, the following improvements in port facilities to meet requirements during emergencies should be put forward: 1) improvement of the port facilities and 2) improvement of the fishing port facilities.
6. Conclusion
The drawing up of disaster- prevention plans is usually undertaken before the memory of the disaster has become vague, and while the evidence is clear and the interest of the public in the disaster is high. However, as time passes, the shore areas may change and factors not conforming to the plan may arise. Furthermore, as the improvement of ports and harbors generally requires a long period of time, the prediction of disasters during improvements is important.
It is needless to say that phased planning and reassessment (by simulation and other methods) is necessary. Furthermore, when preparing concrete measures for each facility, more detailed topographical data, as well as final port layout taking into account calmness, should be examined. We strongly hope that the framework of the earthquake- and tsunami- prevention plan suggested in this paper will be regularly maintained so that it will be useful in times of disaster, which we believe may occur when least expected.
References
1) Hokkaido Development Bureau: "Toward building ports resistant to earthquakes," Sept. 1994
2) Okushiri Town: "Okushiri regional disaster- prevention plan," revised in Sept. 1995;" Aiming at the reconstruction of the town," (Okushiri disaster reconstruction plan) Mar. 1995; "Record of Hokkaido Nansei- Oki Earthquake" 1993
3) Hokkaido Nansei- Oki Earthquake Records Preparation Committee: "Records of Hokkaido Nansei- Oki Earthquake," 1993
4) Hokkaido Development Bureau: "1993 press reports on the damage from the Hokkaido Nansei- Oki Earthquake." 1993
5) Hokkaido Development Bureau: "Record of damage from the Hokkaido Nansei- Oki Earthquake, "July 1993
6) Hokka'do Development Bureau: "Record of operations related to the damage to the fishing port (Okushiri Direct Jurisdiction Port) - To reconstruct the island so that it is.
surrounded by beautiful blue- green ocean": "Report of damage from the Hokkaido Nansei- Oki Earthquake to Okushiri Port (Direct-Jurisdiction Port)," Aug. 1993
7) Hokkaido Development Bureau: "A year after the Hokkaido Nansei- Oki Earthquake, "July 1994
8) Nikkei BP Co.: "Nikkei Construction (prompt report on the Hokkaido Nansei- Oki Earthquake)," Aug. 1993
9) Soil Engineering Society: "Journal of the Soil Engineering Society, Soil and Foundation" 41- 11(430), 1993; "Journal of the Soil Engineering Society, "Vol. 78, Aug. 1993
10) Port and Harbor Research Institute, Ministry of Transport: "Reference materials of the Port and Harbor Research Institute (No. 775), "June 1993; "Reference materials of the Port and Harbor Research Institute (No. 791)," Dec. 1994
11) Okushiri Town and Cold Region Port and Harbor Engineering Research Center: "1993 research report on the Okushiri Port Marine-town Project," Mar. 1994
12) Hokkaido Development Bureau: "1993 report on the research of tsunami runup heights observed in the ports and harbors and fishing ports within the jurisdiction," Mar. 1994
13) Hokkaido Development Bureau and the Cold Region Port and Harbor Engineering Research Center: "1993 report and proceedings on the research of earthquake damage-prevention measures in ports and harbors and fishing ports," Mar. 1994
14) The Construction Technology Research Institute for Fishing Port and Villages: "Report on the examination of measures for land adjustment in relation to the earthquake damage to Aonae Fishing Port," Mar. 1995
15) Hokkaido Development Bureau and the Cold Region Port and Harbor Engineering Research Center: "1995 examination for disaster- prevention measures at Okushiri Port,"Mar. 1996
